VERG -> Virtual Patients -> Overview

	Overview �� We are working to develop highly immersive virtual human interactions that will train allied health (medical, nursing, and physician assistant) students on communication and interpersonal skills.� We have built a virtual reality virtual patient (VP) system that mimics a standardize patient (SP) encounter.� These immersive VPs are highly interactive, 3D virtual humans.� In the 10-mintue experience, the student speaks and gestures with the VP (presented life-size using projectors) to conduct a history of present illness interview.� Over 100 medical, nursing, and physician assistant students, residents, and physicians have tested the system.
System Description �� The experiences occur in an examination room.� The system is composed of two computers, four cameras for tracking the student�s posture, a data projector, a wireless microphone, and Dragon Naturally Speaking 9 for speech recognition.� The total cost of the hardware involved is less than $8000, and the use of commodity components makes wide-spread adoption a realistic goal. �� The user�s posture is approximated by tracking IR retro-reflective tape on a ball cap, chair, and finger.� Students can use the hand tracking to localize the VP�s pain with simple pointing gestures.� A wireless microphone captures audio input (speech recognition performance is about 70% matching for utterances).�
	Experience �� The VHs� gestures and audio responses were drafted by teaching medical faculty.� Users knock on the exam room door, enter, and see VHs projected life-size on the exam room wall.� The user converses with the VP for ten-minutes.� Several scenarios have been created including focusing on acute abdominal pain, breast mass, and blurred vision.� Evaluation Since August 2004, studies have been conducted to develop, evaluate, and validate the system.� Medical, nursing, and physician assistant students (n > 150) participated.� The system is being installed and tested at the Medical College of Georgia, University of Florida, and School of Pharmacy, Keele University (U.K.). The virtual patient scenarios have been developed in a collaboration of researchers at the University of Florida, the Medical College of Georgia, and Keele University.� Videos of interactions are available upon request.
What we think we know about virtual humans: � Interaction with a virtual patient is validated.� Expert observer ratings of virtual patient interactions are correlated (r=0.49) with standardized patient interactions. � Conversation content with a virtual patient is similar to that with a standardized patient, even if the method be might more robotic. � Although the interaction with a VP is not identical to a SP, some educational objectives can be achieved.� High level concepts, e.g. empathy, require further research. � The patient-doctor interaction is a usable platform to study virtual humans, despite current technology compromises. � Natural interaction with virtual humans is important for teaching communication skills.
	Ongoing Research Directions Research and user studies are currently underway to: � Validate the use of virtual humans to teach communications and interpersonal skills � Characterize a virtual human interaction � Expose students to abnormal findings, e.g. neurological, psychomotor, and emotional � Elicit real world biases (e.g. racial/ethnic, gender, age, intelligent, weight, and accent) � Analyze and visualize the interaction with a virtual human to enable student self-reflection � Visualize, categorize, and evaluate the signals from a virtual human-human interaction � Use highly interactive virtual environments that allow real tools to perform virtual exams. � Evaluating the effect of mixed reality interaction on presence and co-presence. � Measure the impact of system performance on perception, presence, and co-presence.